Study guide
16. 1 The Cell Cycle
16.2 The Reproduction of Somatic Cells
16.3 The Formation of Gametes
17.1 Laying Foundations: Peas, Patterns and Probabilities
17.2 Extending Mendel's Laws
18.1 DNA Structure and Replication
18.2 Protein Synthesis and Gene Expression
18.3 Mutations and Genetic Recombination
18.4 is not part of the test, but you need to know it for the diploma.
18.4 Genetics and Society
16. 1 The Cell Cycle
- give examples of somatic cells
- define DNA, chromosome, histone, chromatid, centromere
- be able to draw a chromosome and label all the parts
- What are homologous chromosomes? What is another name for them?
- What are sex chromosomes?
- What is the difference between homologous and sex chromosomes?
- What is the difference between diploid and haploid?
- What is a karyotype? What kind of information can you infer from a karyotype?
- List and describe the stages of the cell cycle
16.2 The Reproduction of Somatic Cells
- identify and describe the phases of mitosis
- What is the purpose/functions of mitosis? (textbook p. 556)
- Be able to label and draw the phases of mitosis on your own.
- What happens during cytokinesis?
- What is the difference in mitosis between plant and animal cells?
16.3 The Formation of Gametes
- What are gametes?
- Identify and describe the phases of meiosis I and II
- What is the purpose of meiosis I and II?
- What is crossing over, non-disjunction (monosomy and trisomy)?
- Describe the process of sperm cell production during spermatogenesis (spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes secondary spermatocytes, spermatids)
- Describe the process of egg production during oogenesis (oogonium, primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, first polar body, second polar body)
- Describe reproduction prokaryotes
- binary fission
- conjugation
- binary fission
- Describe Asexual reproduction strategies
- vegetative reproduction
- fragmentation
- parthenogenesis
- Explain alternation of generations
- difference and function of sporophyte and gametophyte
17.1 Laying Foundations: Peas, Patterns and Probabilities
- You need to understand the following terms: monohybrid cross, dominant, recessive, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, dihybrid cross
- Name and explain the law of segregation (mendel's first law)
- Be able to create a monohybrid and dihybrid cross (p-generation, F1-G, F2-G, use a punnet square)
- Name the genotype and phenotype ratio from a cross
- Describe the purpose of a test cross
- Explain what is the difference between incomplete dominance and co-dominance by using an example
- Describe sickle cell anemia.
17.2 Extending Mendel's Laws
- explain what crossing over and linked-genes are
- explain what chromosome mapping and map unit is
- Distinguish between the terms recombinant types and parental types
- Calculate the recombination frequency (know the formula-p. 600)
- Draw a chromosome map showing the linear arrangement of genes on one chromosome
- Explain sex-linked traits (example: eye colour fruit fly, colour blindness in humans)
- Illustrate sex-linked crosses by using a punnet square
- Explain why the formation of a barr body means that human females have only one functioning x chromosome in each somatic cell
- Explain what multiple alleles are
- Illustrate ABO blood type by using a punnet square (p. 606-sample problem)
- Describe what continuous and polygenic traits are (p. 605-607)
- Explain what a pedigree is (understand the symbols that are used in pedigrees)
- What is autosomal inheritance, autosomal dominant/recessive inheritance and sex-linked traits?
- Examine pedigrees and identify the genotypes of each individual
18.1 DNA Structure and Replication
- What was the contribution of Franklin, Watson and Crick?
- Draw and label a DNA double helix (complementary base pairs, antiparallel)
- Explain Chargaff's rule and be able to calculate the proportions of the different bases (see p.627 practice problem)
- Define the terms gene and genome
- Describe the similarities and differences between DNA and RNA
- Describe the process of replication (name all events, enzymes, semi-conservative replication)
18.2 Protein Synthesis and Gene Expression
- Explain the path of gene expression
- Describe what is the genetic code, be able to read the table on page 637, (example: UUU=phenylalanine)
- Describe the purpose and function of transcription and translation (name the start codon and stop codons)
- Name the different types of RNA's and their function (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) (label a tRNA) (see p.640-table)
18.3 Mutations and Genetic Recombination
- Explain the different types of mutations using an example
- Differentiate between physical and chemical mutagens
- Describe why your mitochondrial DNA is identical to the mitochondrial DNA of your mother rather than your father (p. 647)
- Explain the purpose of genetic engineering and explain the process of restriction endonucleases
- Explain gel electrophoresis (DNA fingerprint), be able to interpret a DNA fingerprint diagram (p. 651-thought lab)
18.4 is not part of the test, but you need to know it for the diploma.
18.4 Genetics and Society
- List and explain the stages of genetic engineering experiments (DNA cleavage-production of recombinant DNA-cloning-screening)
- Explain what DNA microarray is and for what purpose is it used
- List and explain different types of biotechnology products (medical bacteria, transgenic plants, clones and transgenic animals)
- Explain how genetic disorders can be diagnosed and treated (prenatal diagnosis, gentic screening, gene therapy)