Unit test (chapter 16-18) on December 7th

Study guide


16. 1 The Cell Cycle

• give examples of somatic cells
• define DNA, chromosome, histone, chromatid, centromere
• be able to draw a chromosome and label all the parts
• What are homologous chromosomes? What is another name for them?
• What are sex chromosomes? 
• What is the difference between homologous and sex chromosomes?
• What is the difference between diploid and haploid?
• What is a karyotype? What kind of information can you infer from a karyotype? 
• List and describe the stages of the cell cycle

16.2 The Reproduction of Somatic Cells

• identify and describe the phases of mitosis
• What is the purpose/functions of mitosis? (textbook p. 556)
• Be able to label and draw the phases of mitosis on your own.
• What happens during cytokinesis?
• What is the difference in mitosis between plant and animal cells?

16.3 The Formation of Gametes

• What are gametes?
• Identify and describe the phases of meiosis I and II
• What is the purpose of meiosis I and II?
• What is crossing over, non-disjunction (monosomy and trisomy)?
• Describe the process of sperm cell production during spermatogenesis (spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes  secondary spermatocytes, spermatids)
• Describe the process of egg production during oogenesis (oogonium, primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, first polar body, second polar body)

16.4 Reproductive Strategies

• Describe reproduction prokaryotes 
  • ​binary fission
    
  • conjugation
• Describe Asexual reproduction strategies
  • vegetative reproduction
  • fragmentation
  • parthenogenesis
• Explain alternation of generations
  • difference and function of sporophyte and gametophyte

17.1 Laying Foundations: Peas, Patterns and Probabilities

• You need to understand the following terms: monohybrid cross, dominant, recessive, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, dihybrid cross
• Name and explain the law of segregation (mendel's first law)
• Be able to create a monohybrid and dihybrid cross (p-generation, F1-G, F2-G, use a punnet square)
• Name the genotype and phenotype ratio from a cross
• Describe the purpose of a test cross
• Explain what is the difference between incomplete dominance and co-dominance by using an example
• Describe sickle cell anemia. 

17.2 Extending Mendel's Laws

• explain what crossing over and linked-genes are
• explain what chromosome mapping and map unit is
• Distinguish between the terms recombinant types and parental types
• Calculate the recombination frequency (know the formula-p. 600)
• Draw a chromosome map showing the linear arrangement of genes on one chromosome 
• Explain sex-linked traits (example: eye colour fruit fly, colour blindness in humans)
• Illustrate sex-linked crosses by using a punnet square
• Explain why the formation of a barr body means that human females have only one functioning x chromosome in each somatic cell
• Explain what multiple alleles are
• Illustrate ABO blood type by using a punnet square (p. 606-sample problem)
• Describe what continuous and polygenic traits are (p. 605-607)

17.3 Genetics and Society

• Explain what a pedigree is (understand the symbols that are used in pedigrees)
• What is autosomal inheritance, autosomal dominant/recessive inheritance and sex-linked traits?
• Examine pedigrees and identify the genotypes of each individual

18.1 DNA Structure and Replication

• What was the contribution of Franklin, Watson and Crick?
• Draw and label a DNA double helix (complementary base pairs, antiparallel)
• Explain Chargaff's rule and be able to calculate the proportions of the different bases (see p.627 practice problem)
• Define the terms gene and genome
• Describe the similarities and differences between DNA and RNA
• Describe the process of replication (name all events, enzymes, semi-conservative replication)

18.2 Protein Synthesis and Gene Expression

• Explain the path of gene expression
• Describe what is the genetic code, be able to read the table on page 637, (example: UUU=phenylalanine)
• Describe the purpose and function of transcription and translation (name the start codon and stop codons)
• Name the different types of RNA's and their function (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) (label a tRNA) (see p.640-table)

18.3 Mutations and Genetic Recombination

• Explain the different types of mutations using an example
• Differentiate between physical and chemical mutagens
• Describe why your mitochondrial DNA is identical to the mitochondrial DNA of your mother rather than your father (p. 647)
• Explain the purpose of genetic engineering and explain the process of restriction endonucleases 
• Explain gel electrophoresis (DNA fingerprint), be able to interpret a DNA fingerprint diagram (p. 651-thought lab) 

18.4 is not part of the test, but you need to know it for the diploma.
18.4 Genetics and Society

• List and explain the stages of genetic engineering experiments (DNA cleavage-production of recombinant DNA-cloning-screening)
• Explain what DNA microarray is and for what purpose is it used
• List and explain different types of biotechnology products (medical bacteria, transgenic plants, clones and transgenic animals)
• Explain how genetic disorders can be diagnosed and treated (prenatal diagnosis, gentic screening, gene therapy)