Study Guide

- male reproductive structures and functions

- male negative feedback

- female reproductive structures and functions

- all phases of the menstrual cycle

Chapter 12: Sensory Reception

• p.406-409
• Explain the difference between sensory reception, sensation and perception.
• What is sensory adaptation (use an example to describe it)?
• Distinguish among the major sensory receptors (photo-, mechano-, chemoreceptors) in the human body.

Photoreception -The Human Eye (p.410-418)

• Describe the principal structure and function of the human eye
• Describe several eye disorders and treatments (glaucoma,Astigmatism, myopia, hyperopia, cataract).
• Compare adaptation with accomodation.
• How does the lens focuses the light (distant object, nearby object)
• Compare and contrast the functions and location of rods and cones. 
• What is the cause of red-green colour-blindness?
• How do photorecpetors relay visual information to the brain?
• How does visual information get from the retina to the brain? List the main steps in this process. 

Mechanoreception - The Human Ear (p.419-424)

• Describe the structures and functions of the human ear (outer, middle and inner ear)
• Describe the role of the Eustachian tube
• Describe the structure and function of the organ of Corti (basilar membrane, hair cells, stereocilia, tectorial membrane, high and low frequency)
• Explain how the structures of the inner ear allow for rotational equilibrium (semicircular canals) and gravitational equilibrium (vestibule).(know the main function of the structures)
• Describe what is the function of proprioceptors
• Explain the difference between nerve deafness and conduction deafness

Mechanoreception- Touch (p. 427)

• List the different types of stimuli that sensory receptors in skin can detect
• Describe where are the greatest concentration of touch receptors in the body

Chemoreception- Taste and Smell (p.425-426)

• Describe the structure of the human tongue (taste buds, papillae, taste cells)
• Describe how taste buds detect taste
• Name the four basic tastes 
• Describe how olfactory cells detect odours
• Describe why the sense of smell is closely linked to the sense of smell (hint: can you taste food when you have a cold)

Chapter 13: The Endocrine System (p.436-459)

• identify the principal endocrine glands in the human body and the hormones they secrete (be able to label diagram) (p.436-437)
• define the term hormone (p.436)
• Describe how hormones action on target cells (p.439)
• Compare lipid-soluble and water-soluble hormones (name examples for each group), explain how do they interact with their target cells (p.440)
• Explain what is a negative feedback mechanism (p.441)
• Explain what are tropic hormones (p.441)

The Pituitary Gland

• Describe the structure and function of the pituitary gland (posterior/anterior pituitary). 
• Describe who releases hGH (Human Growth Hormone) and list effects of hGH on the body
• Describe what is gigantism, dwarfism and acromegaly (p.445-446)

The Thyroid Gland

• Explain where the thyroid gland is located in the body and name the hormone (thyroxine) that is released
• Describe function of thyroid gland
• Explain what is hypothyroidism and cretinism, list some symptoms of hypothyroidism
• Explain what is hyperthyroidism, Grave's disease, goitre (p.448-449)
• Describe how thyroxine is released (negative feedback loop)

The Adrenal Gland (p.451-454)

• Explain where are the adrenal glands located and what is their function
• Describe the function of the adrenal medulla (What hormones are released? What do they regulate?)
• Describe the function of the adrenal cortex (What hormones are released? What do they regulate?)
• Describe the function of  cortisol and aldosterone

Hormonal Regulation of Blood Sugar (p.456-459)

• Describe structure and function of pancreas (islet of Langerhans, beta cells, alpha cells)
• Describe the role of insulin and glucagon
• Explain what is diabetes mellitus 
• List short and long term effects of hyperglycemia (=high blood sugar)
• Name and compare the two types of diabetes mellitus (type 1 and 2)