April 07th, 2016

Study Guide
Chapter 14: The Continuance of Human Life

• name and explain the structures and functions of the male and female reproductive systems
• define and give an example for primary and secondary sex characteristics
• draw and label the structure of a sperm cell, 
• explain the function of a sperm's acrosome, head and tail
• compare sperm cells and egg cells
• give examples of viral and bacterial sexuall transmitted infections (STI's)
• describe how STI's are transmitted and what their symptoms are
• explain how hormones control the female and male reproductive systems (booklet p. 14/17, negative feedback diagram)
• explain the function, production site, target organs of testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, GnRH, FSH, LH and inhibin
• describe in detail the menstrual cycle (ovarian cycle-follicular phase, luteal phase, uterine phase),
• be able to interpret menstrual cycle graph
• explain what is andropause and menopause

Chapter 15: Human Development
15.1 Fertilization and Embryonic Development (p.508-518)

• Be able to describe the embryonic period (week 0-8)
• Explain what is fertilization (layers of ovum, how does the sperm enter the ovum?, why do so few sperm arrive in the oviduct where the egg is?)
• Define zygote (how many chromosomes has a zygote and why?
• Explain what happens during cleavage (amount of cells, morula, structure of blastocyst-trophoblast-inner cell mass)
• What is implantation? When does it happen? What is hcG? Who, when why is it secreted?
• What is gastrulation? When does it happen? (amniotic cavity, amnion, embryonic disk-ecto-, meso-, endoderm)
• Give examples of organs that develop from three primary layers (ecto-, meso-, endoderm)
• Define neurolation (neural tube, notochord). What organs develop from 3th-8th week (see your foldable poster)?
• Name extra-embryonic membranes. Describe their function. Label diagram (see booklet p. 13)
• Describe the structure and function of the placenta and umbilical cord

15.2 Fetal Development and Birth (p. 520-526)

• Describe the development of a fetus during second trimester and third trimester (4th month-birth)
• What are teratogens?
• What can danger the developing baby? Which phase of prenatal development is highly sensitive?
• What is FASD?
• Describe the events of parturition. Explain the positive feedback diagram. Be able to label it.
• What is lactation? What is colostrum? Describe the events of lactation and suckling reflex (hormones involved)

15.3 Reproduction, Technology and Society (p.529-5

• Define the terms sterile and infertile
• Describe the reasons why a men and a woman can be infertile
• What is artificial insemination, in Vitro fertilization, surrogate mothers and superovulation?
• What means abstinence?
• Describe surgical sterilization process in men (vasectomy) and women (tubal ligation)